Magnesium (Mg)
Element 12 · Alkaline earth metal · Solid at 25 °C · Group 2, Period 3
Magnesium is a lightweight structural metal that burns with a brilliant white light, and a magnesium atom sits at the center of every chlorophyll molecule.
On the periodic table, magnesium sits in group 2 — the alkaline earth metals — in period 3. It is one of 6 elements classified as an alkaline earth metal, and at room temperature (25 °C) it is a solid.
The alkaline earth metals carry two outer electrons and form 2+ ions in almost all of their chemistry. They are harder, denser, and less violently reactive than their alkali-metal neighbors in group 1, but still too reactive to occur uncombined in nature. Their compounds are everywhere — in limestone, bones, fireworks, and lightweight alloys.
Properties of magnesium
| Atomic number (Z) | 12 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Mg |
| Atomic mass | 24.305 |
| Category | Alkaline earth metal |
| Group | 2 |
| Period | 3 |
| Block | s-block |
| Metal / nonmetal | Metal |
| State at 25 °C | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.31 |
| Melting point | 650 °C (923.15 K / 1,202 °F) |
| Boiling point | 1,090 °C (1,363.15 K / 1,994 °F) |
| Density | 1.738 g/cm³ |
Position in the periodic table
Magnesium shares group 2 — the alkaline earth metals with Beryllium (Be), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra). Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons, so they tend to behave alike chemically — comparing them is one of the fastest ways to see periodic trends in action.
Physical properties
Magnesium melts at 650 °C (923.15 K / 1,202 °F) and boils at 1,090 °C (1,363.15 K / 1,994 °F), giving it a liquid range of about 440 °C at standard pressure.
Its density is 1.738 g/cm³.
See also: the interactive periodic table, how to read the periodic table, the element families tour.